11. Image Credits
Introduction: Active and Passive Remote Sensing
Two remote sensors with different techniques!...
Photographs
Photographs
right: Aerosol Research Branch, Atmospheric Sciences Division, NASA/Langley Research Center, Langley, USA
Last access: 27.04.2009
Comparison between passive (top) und active (bottom) remote sensing
Graphic
Graphic
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A laser beam is focused upwards to probe the atmosphere
Fotografie
Fotografie
Project Teramobile
Last access: 27.04.2009
1. Lidar
Schematic setup of a lidar
Graphic
Graphic
Sven Bohnstedt & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Time flow of operation where a lidar is used to analyse the upper water column
Animation
Animation
Ulrich Einhaus, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The Antarctic ozone hole on 25 September 2003, measured with the satellite ENVISAT of the European Space Agency ESA...
Graphic
Graphic
European Space Agency ESA
Last access: 03.11.2009
Lidar beams in a water tank in a laboratory (left) and in the atmosphere (right).
Photographs
Photographs
Left image: University of Oldenburg. Right image: Australian Antarctic Division, M. Lambert
URL, right image: Probing the atmosphere with LIDAR
Last access: 19.08.2009
An aircraft with lidar for measuring oil spills in the North Sea
Photography
Photography
Central Command for Maritime Emergencies, Cuxhaven, Germany
Measuring atmospheric data using lidar - on the ground, in the air and in space
Graphic
Graphic
NASA Langley Research Center, USA; LITE ... a view from space
URL: Cartoon overview
Last access: 19.08.2009
2. Laser
Helium-Neon laser in operation ...
Photograph
Photograph
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Helium-Neon laser in operation ..., graphic.
Photograph & graphic
Photograph & graphic
Svemn Bohnstedt & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Laser light (left) and halogen lamp's light (right) ...
Photograph
Photograph
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Spectra of laser light (red) and halogen light (blue) ...
Graphic
Graphic
Sven Bohnstedt & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Explanation of the speckle pattern
Graphic
Graphic
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Light in the glass tube and laser light (tiny spot on the right)
Photography
Photography
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Spectra of the gas discharge (orange) and the laser beam (red)
Graphic
Graphic
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Interaction of a photon with two energy levels of an atom ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Boltzmann distribution of the HeNe laser energy levels 633nm)
Graphic
Graphic
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Simplified energy level scheme of the HeNe laser ...
Graphic
Graphic
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Left: HeNe laser and the spot of its beam on a screen, and the hand-held glass plate used for the experiment ...
Photograph, Video
Photograph, Video
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Left: The HeNe laser and its beam expanded with a lens ...
Photograph, Video
Photograph, Video
Sven Bohnstedt, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Brewster window of the HeNe laser, indicated by arrows, at one end of the discharge tube ...
Photograph
Photograph
Sven Bohnstedt & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
3. The Telescope
Supplement 3.1: Polar coordinates
In Cartesian coordinates the position of point P is given by its (x,y) coordinates ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
In Cartesian coordinates the position of point P is given by its (xp,yp,zp) coordinate values ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Supplement 3.2: Plane and solid angles
Left: The angle φ from the ratio of the arc length s and ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A solid angle Ω within a sphere. ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A differential segment area da on a spherical surface. ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
An azimuth-symmetrical differential segment area da on a spherical surface.
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Supplement 3.3: Measuring radiance
The detector's sensitive surface a receives light rays coming out of a solid angle Ω, ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Radiometers measuring the radiance from the sky and from the water surface. ...
Photography
Photography
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A detector with an aperture to limit its visual field.
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A detector with a collecting lens and an aperture for limiting the field of view.
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
4. The Spectrograph
5. Detectors
6. Lidar Applications in the Atmosphere
7. Water Analysis Using Lidar
Measuring principle of the laser fluorosensor, analysis of an oil spill at sea
Graph
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Left: a thick layer of lubricating oil is illuminated with UV laser radiation at 355 nm wavelength...
Right: thin films of lubricating oil on a water surface are illuminated with the laser radiation and emit blue fluorescence...
Photographs
Right: thin films of lubricating oil on a water surface are illuminated with the laser radiation and emit blue fluorescence...
Photographs
Sören Ohlhoff & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Fluorescence spectra of different oil types upon irradiation with UV light at 308 nm wavelength...
Graph
Graph
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea illuminated with ultraviolet light at 270 nm wavelength...
Graph
Graph
Rainer Reuter & Rainer Willkomm, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Raman scattering of purified (i.e., non-fluorescent) water and in the absence of oil (0 ?m)...
Graph
Graph
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oil spill following a discharge of 1000 litres of crude oil...
Aerial photograph
Aerial photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Data of a laser fluorosensor taken above an oil spill, see photograph in the left column...
Graph
Graph
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The series of images shown to the right includes photographs (above) from a discharge of 200 litres of gas oil and the results
of a film thickness analysis with an imaging laser fluorosensor (below)...
Aerial photographs
Aerial photographs
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Left: Film thickness of an oil spill measured with a laser fluorosensor... Right: Colour composite of images obtained with a multispectral scanner...
Graphics
Graphics
URL: Lennon M, S Babichenko, N Thomas, V Mariette, G Mercier & A Lisin, 2006. Detection and mapping of oil slicks in the sea by combined use of hyperspectral imagery and laser-induced fluorescence. EARSeL eProceedings, 5(1): 120-128
Last access: 03.03.2010
Combination of the laser fluorosensor and multispectral scanner data shown in the left column in one image...
Graphic
Graphic
URL: Lennon M, S Babichenko, N Thomas, V Mariette, G Mercier & A Lisin, 2006. Detection and mapping of oil slicks in the sea by combined use of hyperspectral imagery and laser-induced fluorescence. EARSeL eProceedings, 5(1): 120-128
Last access: 03.03.2010
Thick line: Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea upon illumination with ultraviolet radiation with 270 nm wavelength.
Thin line: Absorbance spectrum of pure water.
Graph
Graph
Rainer Willkomm & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Distribution of gelbstoff fluorescence in the upper water column in the Canary Islands region, ...
Graph
Graph
Rainer Willkomm & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Left: A river discharge front at sea, visible by a foam line and by the brightening of the water surface
due to a film of organic molecules.
Right: Schematic presentation of the vertical structure of a river discharge front ...
Photography and graph
Right: Schematic presentation of the vertical structure of a river discharge front ...
Photography and graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Yellow substances on 53°50'N, 54°00'N, 54°08'N, 54°15'N. All data on 54°00'N. All data on 54°08'N. All data on 54°15'N.
Graphs
Graphs
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Supplement 7.1: The Hydrographic Lidar Equation
Elements of a hydrographic lidar aboard aircraft over water
Graph
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea illuminated with ultraviolet light at 270 nm wavelength...
Graph
Graph
Rainer Reuter & Rainer Willkomm, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Fluorescence spectra of different oil types upon irradiation with UV light at 308 nm wavelength...
Graph
Graph
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Supplement 7.2: Fluorescence
Interaction of a photon with two energy levels of an atom...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Example of a diatomic molecule with an equilibrium distance ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Energy as a function of nuclear distance for the ground state ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Three phases of molecular fluorescence as explained in the text
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Four phases of molecular phosphorescence explained in the text
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Supplement 7.3: Raman scattering
Left: Diagram of electron shell (red) and nucleus (blue) of an atom. Right: in an external electric field, ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Left: Structure of the water molecule built out of an oxygen atom (red) and two hydrogen atoms (blue) aligned at an angle of 104.45°. ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Two water molecules are held together by a hydrogen bond (broken line). ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
In the liquid state, many water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds to build a cluster.
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
When all hydrogen bonds have been built, as is the case when water freezes, each molecule is then surrounded
by four other molecules whose oxygen atoms are found at the tip of a tetraeder (triangular pyramid). ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The three vibrational modes of a water molecule with corresponding frequencies ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Frequencies and polarizabilities of an oscillating molecule.
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Interaction of a photon and a molecule: ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The three vibrational modes of a water molecule with their wavenumbers.
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Spectra of the intensity of three Raman bands of liquid water, ...
Graphic
Graphic
Marc Schroeder & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The Raman bands of free individual molecules (monomer) and of molecules bound by hydrogen bonds (polymer) ...
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Dots: Experimental data of water Raman scattering measured at the given temperature, ...
Graphic
Graphic
Valentina Raimondi & Giovanna Cecchi: Lidar field experiments for monitoring sea water column temperature. EARSeL Advances in Remote Sensing, 3(3), 84-89
8. Exercises
A detector with an aperture to limit its visual field
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A detector with a collecting lens and an aperture to limit its visual field
Graphic
Graphic
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
